Today Pharmacognosy functions as an essential scientific basis for discovering anticancer medications through research of natural medicating plants alongside additional natural resources. The article evaluates the vital role which pharmacognosy plays when developing compounds that act as cancer treatments. The article describes extraction techniques alongside screening and characterization protocols that help researchers find anticancer compounds among bioactive plant principles. The discovery of pharmacological agents’ taxol and camptothecin and vinca alkaloids stands as one of the primary outcomes alongside their subsequent development into medicinal drugs. The scope includes modern screening procedures linked with molecular docking approaches along with biotechnological growth that enhances both efficiency and pharmaceutical research outcomes in pharmacognosy. The review addresses difficulties alongside existing trends and future guidance about employing natural products for developing oncological drugs.